基于UD-PLS对牛粪堆制Cu和Zn钝化预测模型的研究

选取钝化材料木醋液和影响堆肥质量的关键因素:含水量和C/N,每个因素安排6个水平,利用均匀设计进行多因素多水平试验,对试验结果进行偏最小二乘回归分析,建立对重金属的钝化预测模型.结果表明:木醋液添加比例为0.50%、含水量为40%和C/N为40时,Cu和Zn的钝化效果均达到最大值,分别为13.5%和30.2%;其中重金属Cu的钝化预测模型为 ,其中交叉有效性为 ,模型达到精度要求;重金属Zn的钝化预测模型为 ,其中交叉有效性为 ,模型达到精度要求.针对多因素多水平的复杂堆肥系统中,将均匀设计与偏最小二乘法有机耦合,有效地解决了试验次数多、因素间多重相关性的问题,从而使模型精度和实用性都得到提高.     

苏州市气溶胶消光特性及其对灰霾特征的影响

为研究气溶胶消光特性对城市灰霾特征及形成的影响机制,采用2010年1月─2013年12月4 a的苏州市逐时散射系数、能见度、颗粒物质量浓度以及风速、风向、气温、气压、相对湿度等数据,对该市气溶胶散射系数、消光特性及影响因子进行了研究. 结果表明:苏州市气溶胶散射系数为(301.1±251.3)Mm-1,日变化呈双峰型,早高峰出现在07:00─08:00,晚高峰出现在20:00─21:00;其年内变化呈夏季低、冬季高. 气溶胶散射系数与ρ(PM_2.5)的相关系数为0.77,高于与ρ(PM₁)和ρ(PM₁₀)的相关性,PM_2.5散射效率为6.08 m2/g. 气溶胶散射系数受风速、风向等气象要素的影响:风速<4 m/s时,气溶胶散射系数下降迅速;风速在4～6 m/s时,气溶胶散射系数随风速下降缓慢. 苏州市气溶胶单次散射反照率平均值为0.84,散射消光比平均值为0.79,说明该地区气溶胶消光以散射性气溶胶为主. 气溶胶散射消光、气溶胶吸收消光、空气分子散射消光、NO₂吸收消光分别占大气消光的82.33%、13.63%、2.72%和1.32%. 研究表明,对气溶胶散射消光贡献最大的非吸收性PM_2.5是苏州市能见度下降、灰霾增加的最重要原因.      

洗涤法净化油烟污染物

模拟油烟废气由泥浆和活性污泥2种洗涤液分别进行洗涤试验研究.结果表明,洗涤液中泥浆和活性污泥的质量浓度愈高,其初始洗涤效率越高.在ρ(泥浆)和ρ(活性污泥)为1.2 g/L,烟气流量为2.8 m3>/sup>/h,油加热温度为160 ℃,洗涤液量为20 L条件下,运行15 d,泥浆的平均去除率为67.4%,油烟粒子粒径由0.2～75 μm变为0.2～42 μm,其液相油烟饱和浓度达95.77 mg/L;而活性污泥平均去除率为83.9%,油烟粒子粒径由0.2～75 μm变为0.2～5.5 μm,其液相油烟饱和浓度为50.00 mg/L.从活性污泥洗涤液中筛选出4株优势菌种,它们对油烟的降解效率大于60%,表明活性污泥洗涤液的洗涤效率明显高于泥浆,是由于活性污泥中微生物对油烟污染物具有显著降解作用.      

Benefits of supplementing an industrial waste anaerobic digester with energy crops for increased biogas production

Currently, there is increasing competition for waste as feedstock for the growing number of biogas plants. This has led to fluctuation in feedstock supply and biogas plants being operated below maximum capacity. The feasibility of supplementing a protein/lipid-rich industrial waste (pig manure, slaughterhouse waste, food processing and poultry waste) mesophilic anaerobic digester with carbohydrate-rich energy crops (hemp, maize and triticale) was therefore studied in laboratory scale batch and continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) with a view to scale-up to a commercial biogas process. Co-digesting industrial waste and crops led to significant improvement in methane yield per ton of feedstock and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio as compared to digestion of the industrial waste alone. Biogas production from crops in combination with industrial waste also avoids the need for micronutrients normally required in crop digestion. The batch co-digestion methane yields were used to predict co-digestion methane yield in full scale operation. This was done based on the ratio of methane yields observed for laboratory batch and CSTR experiments compared to full scale CSTR digestion of industrial waste. The economy of crop-based biogas production is limited under Swedish conditions; therefore, adding crops to existing industrial waste digestion could be a viable alternative to ensure a constant/reliable supply of feedstock to the anaerobic digester.     

N235萃取含盐酸性废水中的盐酸

以N235为萃取剂、甲苯为稀释剂萃取模拟含盐酸性废水(简称废水)中的盐酸。最佳实验条件为:振荡时间20 min,初始废水中盐酸浓度0.75～2.45 mol/L,V(N235):V(N235+甲苯)=0.3～0.7,V(N235+甲苯):V(废水)=0.5～1.0。在初始废水中盐酸浓度为1.00 mol/L、不含无机盐、V(N235):V(N235+甲苯)=0.4、V(N235+甲苯):V(废水)=1.0的条件下,振荡20 min后萃取液中盐酸浓度为0.80 mol/L、n(盐酸):n(N235)=0.88。当废水中氯化钠浓度大于2.0 mol/L时,氯化钠的加入对N235萃取盐酸有促进作用;硫酸钠的加入对N235萃取盐酸具有抑制作用。     

厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床原理特征分析

从污泥床层流态、生化反应动力学、体系物相平衡角度分析了以循环为特征的厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床反应器的结构特点,基质代谢和酸碱平衡特征,进而得出:高面积(H /A)和回流比(R)是实现反应器较高上升流速的结构和运行指标;回流引起反应器基质代谢特征的变化,同时使反应器处理增强;厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床的运行方式对调解、平衡系统的碱度、pH值起着积极的作用。     

不同氮磷比对铜绿微囊藻及附生假单胞菌磷代谢的影响

以铜绿微囊藻及其附生假单胞菌X菌株为研究对象,研究了不同氮磷比对铜绿微囊藻和假单胞菌之间磷代谢的影响.结果发现,无论有无附生菌存在,铜绿微囊藻在氮磷比为16：1时,生长情况最好,此时微囊藻能迅速有效地吸收水中的磷,而且附生菌的存在能促进藻的生长.而在氮磷比为4：1时,藻的生长情况最差,在实验后期,藻细胞死亡分解后把一些含磷化合物释放到了水中,附生菌的存在能够加速藻细胞的衰亡和藻体内磷的释放.     

Potential environmental factors influencing mucilage formation in the northern Adriatic Sea

In the northern Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, the mucilage phenomenon is usually related to the aggregation of extracellular organic matter of phytoplanktonic origin under special seasonal and trophic conditions. Environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, nitrogen, phosphorus and N/P ratio as well as polysaccharide and monosaccharide levels in the presence and absence of mucilage were investigated in the northern Adriatic Sea. Variations in temperature and salinity during spring in years characterised by mucilage events have been recognised having an important role in preparing a favourable physical environment where mucilage formation could take place. Since the DIN/TP ratio increased markedly during the spring months (March–April) in 2002, 2003 and 2004, preceding the early summer mucilage outbreaks, it appeared that the DIN/TP ratio may be a more robust predictor than the DIN/DIP ratio, which, although more commonly used, exhibited a discontinuous trend. The contents of total carbohydrates, including monosaccharides and polysaccharides, in seawater also varied according to the presence or absence of mucilage, with an increase of polysaccharide levels during the late spring or early summer in the period of the mucilage appearance. The role of carbohydrates in the macro-aggregate formation was also investigated.     

Occupancy Patterns of Regionally Declining Grassland Sparrow Populations in a Forested Pennsylvania Landscape

Organisms can be affected by processes in the surrounding landscape outside the boundary of habitat areas and by local vegetation characteristics. There is substantial interest in understanding how these processes affect populations of grassland birds, which have experienced substantial population declines. Much of our knowledge regarding patterns of occupancy and density stem from prairie systems, whereas relatively little is known regarding how occurrence and abundance of grassland birds vary in reclaimed surface mine grasslands. Using distance sampling and single‐season occupancy models, we investigated how the occupancy probability of Grasshopper (Ammodramus savannarum) and Henslow's Sparrows (A. henslowii) on 61 surface mine grasslands (1591 ha) in Pennsylvania changed from 2002 through 2011 in response to landscape, grassland, and local vegetation characteristics . A subset (n = 23; 784 ha) of those grasslands were surveyed in 2002, and we estimated changes in sparrow density and vegetation across 10 years. Grasshopper and Henslow's Sparrow populations declined 72% and 49%, respectively from 2002 to 2011, whereas overall woody vegetation density increased 2.6 fold. Henslow's Sparrows avoided grasslands with perimeter–area ratios ≥0.141 km/ha and woody shrub densities ≥0.04 shrubs/m². Both species occupied grasslands ≤13 ha, but occupancy probability declined with increasing grassland perimeter–area ratio and woody shrub density. Grassland size, proximity to nearest neighboring grassland ( = 0.2 km), and surrounding landscape composition at 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 km were not parsimonious predictors of occupancy probability for either species. Our results suggest that reclaimed surface mine grasslands, without management intervention, are ephemeral habitats for Grasshopper and Henslow's Sparrows. Given the forecasted decline in surface coal production for Pennsylvania, it is likely that both species will continue to decline in our study region for the foreseeable future. Patrones de Ocupación de Poblaciones Regionalmente Declinantes de Gorriones de Pastizales en un Paisaje Boscoso de Pennsylvania     

基于卫星遥感和地面观测资料分析苏皖两省一次空气污染过程

2012年6月8~11日,江苏安徽2省发生了一次持续性的空气污染过程.利用MODIS观测的气溶胶产品和地面气象资料,结合火点监测资料和HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式,分析气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、细粒子比例(FMF)、空气污染指数(API)的特征,探究这次空气污染的形成原因.研究表明,这次过程中苏皖2省8个代表城市的能见度大部分时间低于10km,相对湿度低于90%,API均达到或超过污染等级,AOD显著增长,且污染物以人类活动产生的细粒子为主.区域细粒子比例(RFMF)达0.79,高FMF(>0.6)出现的概率高达74.8%.另外,苏皖2省稳定的天气形势,不利于污染物扩散.6月8~11日,苏皖2省(北部地区为主)出现大量的火点,表明有秸秆焚烧现象的存在.从HYSPLIT模式的模拟结果来看,苏皖2省8个代表城市在此期间主要受到偏西方向的气流以及局地气流的影响,偏西方向的气流有利于外部秸秆焚烧的污染物经过输送影响本地区,同时局地气流不利于扩散,从而造成污染物积累,形成污染.